Background and purpose: InTESTinal bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics; but there are some reports on the effects of medicinal plants in digestive disorders. Today, medicinal herbs are more suggested due to increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, people are more relying on the medicinal herbs. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of orange PEEL extract.Materials and methods: After collecting orange PEEL samples, the methanol extract was provided using maceration method and the effect of this extract against the standard strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica) was assessed using microdilution (well plates) in brain-heart infusion medium.Results: In this study, all the standard strains of bacteria in wells were sensitive to the extract. Meanwhile, different minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were observed in various genera. The first group (Bacillus cereus) was the most sensitive due to receiving MIC=3.12 m/ml of the extract. In the second group, Staphylococcus and Salmonella were expressed as they were administered administered MIC 6.25 m/ml of the extract. The third group (Klebsiella and Pseudomonas) was listed as the most resistant group, which received MIC=12.5 m/ml of the extract.Conclusion: Research on the use of natural products, which are used in traditional medicine for gastroinTESTinal disorders, can be valuable in terms of antibacterial activity and adjustment of microbial flora. In this study, it was demonstrated that orange PEEL can inhibit the growth of many bacteria in-vitro.

Background: Avocado PEELs (Persea americana Mill.) contain polyphenolic compounds that can be used as alternative medicinal plants, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal agents. This research aims to determine the acute toxicity of ethanol extract from avocado PEELs on ddY strain mice. Methods: This experimental research using Acute Toxic Class Method (OECD 423) was conducted on 15 female mice ddY strain that were divided into five groups with one control group (CG) and four treatment groups. The four treatment groups administrated by ethanolic extract of avocado PEEL at Group 1 (G1) with 300 mg/kgBW single dose, Group 2 (G2) with 300 mg/kgBW repeated dose, Group 3 (G3) with 2,000 mg/kgBW single dose, and Group 4 (G4) with 2,000 mg/kgBW repeated dose were observed for 14 days. Results: The results showed that avocado PEELs did not cause any toxic symptoms, including mortality (0%). No behavioral abnormalities or macroscopic changes in organ color, size, and relative organ weight were observed. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the relative liver and kidney weight between the control and treatment groups (P>0.05). Although a reduction in body weight was noted, it was not statistically significant (P>0.05) Conclusion: All doses of the ethanolic extract of avocado PEELs fall into the practically non-toxic category (category 5) based on Globally Harmonised System (GHS).

Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease due to contact with different substances and caused by two mechanisms: allergy and irritation. Contact dermatitis is a common skin disease and the most common occupational dermatosis. Differentiating between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis is essential in the identification of etiologic factor(s) and hence, its control and prognosis. This differentiation can be done only by patch TEST. Unfortunately, this simple, safe and useful TEST is always neglected. We review the basics of patch TEST, the method of performance, reading and interpretation of its results, possible side effects and results of studies done with patch TEST in different countries.

Producion of efficient antimicrobial drugs against to common human pathogens is one of the most important challenges in the field of medical microbiology. Continuous screening of clinical isolates and survey of antimicrobial resistance pattern is critical.Today, disk diffusion and dilution methods are known as the common antimicrobial susceptibility TESTing methods. Disk diffusion method does not render dependable results in determination of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern because this method is semi quantitative. MIC determination by microdilution and macrodilution techniques and recent method “E-TEST”, have given interpretable results to researchers. Microdilution and macrodilution methods are also time consuming, expensive and error- prone methods. Whereas E-TEST method is one of the means by which we will be able to determine susceptibility pattern of known species in low cost and short time. In this survey, constructing and printing of E-TEST, coating of antibiotic on O.H.P film and quality control of constructed E-TESTs were performed according to M7 A7 CLSI Standard. In this study quality of required materials for E-TEST Production were suitable. Evaluation of constructed strips was performed using standard strain of staphylococcus aureus and reproducibly of results was appreciated.

The present study investigated varieties of C-TEST as measures of General Language proficiency (GLP). C-TEST was first introduced into language TESTing as a modification of close procedure. The original C-TEST was developed by mutilating the second half of every other word, beginning from word two ID sentence two of [l passage. Through various studies, C-TEST proved an integrative and a highly reliable and valid measure of (GLP. The present study was also aimed at further confirming those findings by investigating not only the original C-TEST but other varietis of C-TEST. To this end ten C-TEST versions were developed, by applying different deletion techniques and deletion rates, and were administered among nearly 500 senior EFL students, in the way that each form was given to almost 50 subjects. All the subjects had already taken a TOEFL. and a close TEST prior to the administration of the C-TESTs. The results of data analyses showed that C:-TEST may measure different things one of which might be general language proficiency and as such, not all varieties of C-TEST measure this construct to the same extent.

Background: Streptococcal pharyngitis is the most common type of acute bacterial pharyngitis that may have different complications if remained untreated. On the other hand, antibiotics may impose side effects if prescribed for healthy subjects, thus, the appropriate diagnosis of affected individuals is of utmost importance. Previous studies have indicated the accuracy of Rapid TEST for streptococcal pharyngitis, so the present study was conducted to determine the accuracy of Rapid TEST among a group of Iranians.Materials and methods: For this clinical trail, 320 consecutive cases of sore throat were enrolled. Rapid TEST was performed for all cases; however, culture was our gold standard for diagnosis. Finally, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated.Results: The study population included 150 males and 170 females with the mean age of 21 ± 7 years. The positive and negative predictive values of Rapid TEST were 66% and 98.5%, respectively.Conclusion: With respect to the known complications of acute pharyngitis, we strongly recommend Rapis TEST for all patients with sore throat.

The Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid presented in apple PEELs have a potential antioxidant acivity. Antiprolifertive acivity of the triterpenoids against human liver cancer cells, breast cancer cells and colon cancer ells is evaluated. In this study, we have used Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid which are predominant isolated triterpenoids of the apple PEELs.. The purpose of this study is to determine antimutation and anticarcinogen effect of Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid against Sodium Azide mutagen substance by the use of Microsome and Ames TEST.These substances were white powder and soluble in Acetone and bought from sigma company. The bacterium used in this TEST is a strain of Salmonella thyphimurium (TA100) that carries a selective mutation in its Histidine Operon. We also added Microsome to improve anticancer activity of this two triterpenoids. In this study, inhibition percentage from mutation was 83% for ursolic acid and 76.4 % for oleanolic acid in presence of Microsome ( and 77.6% for Ursolic Acid and 69.8% for Oleanolic Acid in absence of Microsome). Therefore, presence of anti mutation Ursolic Acid and oleanolic acid along with mutagen substance reduced quantity of back mutation and Inhibition over 40% recommended as a powerful antimutation substance. Therefore, apple PEEL has large amount of active Phytochemicals, with Antimutation and Anticarcinogen activity and Ursolic Acid has more antimutation activity than Oleanolic acid.

Background and Objective: Pomegranate PEEL contains many compounds of glycosides, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Candida albicans is the commonest cause for oral fungal infections in individuals with immune system deficiency and people with diabetes. This study was an endeavor to illustrate the effects of pomegranate PEEL on some blood parameters including creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, and liver enzymes AST, ALT and ALP in rats infected with Candida albicans.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 30 male Wistar rats were allocated to six groups of five. In the control group, the diabetic rats were contaminated by an infectious dose of fungus Candida albicans. Then, the rats were treated with dissolved extract of itraconazole in drinking water. The remaining four groups received pomegranate PEEL extract dissolved in drinking water at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg according to their body weight for 7 days 24 hours. The effectiveness of pomegranate PEEL extract was compared with itraconazole. Their weight was measured on days zero and seven.Results: The results showed a significant increase in the plasma concentration of albumin and total protein levels than the control group (p<0.01). Liver enzymes decreased in a dose dependent manner according to the concentration changes (p<0.001).Conclusion: The administration of pomegranate PEEL extract showed significant improvement in oral Candidiasis lesions and repair of mucosal tissue. However, the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids in Punicaceae plants has negative effect on biomedical parameters and lead to disorders in functioning of vital organs.

Background: Various environmental factors can induce or exaggerate hand eczema. Objective: Evaluation of patch TEST results in hand eczema patients. Patients and Methods: In this descriptive study 100 patients with hand eczema referred to Loghman Hakim & Booali Hospital in Tehran underwent patch TESTing with 23 allergens obtained from Hennal Company. Results: 240 positive reactions observed in 86 patients. The most common positive reactions were related to nickel sulfate (30 patients, 13.5%) and potassium dichromate (28 patients, 11.7%). In positive group 28 patients were male and 58 were female. In negative group 3 patients were male and 11 were female (P>0.05). The mean age was 31.7±11.9 years and 24.8± 9.2 years for positive group and negative group, respectively (P<0.05). In positive patch TEST group 49 patients had subacute and 37 patients had chronic eczema. In negative patch TEST 11 patients had subacute eczema and 3 patients had chronic eczema (P>0.05). Conclusion: Performing patch TEST, the allergens involved in hand eczema can be detected. Detecting type of allergens, patients will be able to avoid those materials which can lead to improvement of disease.